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Association Des Ingenieurs Et Techniciens En Genie Civil Du Burkina (AITB)Position on the report from The World Commission On Dams
February 2001
Original language French
Dams and Development is the title of the report by the World Commission on Dams launched in London on 16 November 2000 with support from important personalities such as President Nelson Mandela, Prince of Orange, head of the World Bank and others of equal importance. The report is the outcome of nearly two years' work begun by the Commission in May 1998.
Why is there a Commission and a report? The Commission was formed as a result of problems arising from the construction of large dams and more importantly, the increasing number of complaints about using this method for developing water resources for the benefit of human societies. Over these two years, protest has grown to major proportions, even so far as demanding a moratorium on new dam construction. In an attempt to create conditions for calm, objective debate, the Gland Forum in Switzerland in 1997 decided to set up an independent commission to pronounce on the dam issue. The commission, sponsored by the World Bank, World Conservation Union (IUCN) and other institutions and governments, had 12 members and was chaired by South African Education Minister Kader Ismal.
The work of the Commission was as follows:
On completion of its work, the Commission produced a 448-page report entitled Dams and Development and had produced a large fund of documentary evidence on dams. It based its thinking against a background of sustainable human development, referring to the following basic documents:
Its conclusions were as follows:
A. Dams have contributed to human progress
1. There are 45,000 large dams in the world today, two-thirds of which are in the Peoples Republic of China. Asia, North America and Europe account for more than 95% of dams built. Africa is marginal in these statistics with hardly more than a few hundred.
2. Dams have made a major contribution to the progress of human societies, enabling them to control their water resources for human needs:
3. Some dams have helped improve ecosystems by creating new wetlands and new opportunities for fishing and recreation in the reservoirs.
B. Large dams have serious negative impacts on the environment and society
1. The world's large dams have been unable to achieve the technical, economic and social objectives for which they were designed.
2. The impacts of large dams on ecosystems are more negative than positive and in many case have led to serious irrecoverable loss of species and ecosystems. It is impossible to mitigate many of the effects of new reservoirs on ecosystems and terrestrial biodiversity, and efforts to 'save' wild species have not been conclusive in the long term.
3. Large dams have had serious consequences on the living conditions and culture of populations, especially national minorities. They have displaced large numbers of people (40 to 80 million according to the Commission) who, when resettled, have been unable to recover acceptable conditions of existence. People affected by the negative impacts have not always enjoyed the benefits from the dam. Yet more innovative methods are being used to compensate these people and share more fairly the economic benefits, giving hope it may be possible to remedy past injustices and avoid future ones.
C. Options for developing water and energy resources and decision-making process
Examination of alternatives and options for developing water and energy resources prompted the Commission to note the following facts:
1. Funding aid for large dams in the developing countries (more than $4 billion p.a.) has helped promote the construction of large dams. Such support, combined with pressure from industry and high population growth with the associated needs have greatly weighed in these choices.
2. Involvement and transparency are often absent from the planning process for large dams and the available options have not always been evaluated on the basis of technical parameters and by strict application of cost/benefit analysis.
3. The worldwide study examined the options available, the mains ones being as follows:
4. Conflict over dams has also arisen from the inability of dam defenders and funding institutions to honour their undertakings, comply with statutory requirements and international commitments. Opportunities for corruption associated with the construction of large dams has helped bias decisions, so that, despite significant progress in the nineties in requirements for a social and environmental evaluation of large dams, no significant progress has been found.
D. How to achieve better results
Having examined the various issues associated with large dams, the Commission proposes a new approach and decision-making framework for large dams. The most important points are as follows:
1. The dam debate concerns the purpose of development and how to achieve it. Decisions on dams must respond to a wide range of needs, expectations, objectives and constraints. An approach which leads to a consensus about decisions to be taken must be implemented.
2. The decision-making process must be based on the following five criteria:
These five values bind together the new options proposed by the Commission.
3. Strategic priorities in the decision-making process are as follows:
4. The following planning steps will put these values and strategic principles into effect:
As a condition for implementing the new framework, the Commission hopes that all parties will
The worldwide dam study is undoubtedly a rich and important contribution to a critical international review of the development issue, especially the contribution of dams in this process. The study is based on the most positive values that human progress has brought to the fore, such as fairness, justice, sustainable human development and the well-being of humanity and future generations.
However, while not being entirely exhaustive, the study draws unquestioned general conclusions on a number of fundamental issues.
- The dams examined or subjected to in-depth study represent a tiny population, only 0.3% of the total population of large dams in the world.
- The choice of dams for in-depth study does not reflect the diversity of geographical situations of dams, and does not reflect progress in dam design: most dams studied in depth are more than 30 years old.
Therefore
The Burkina Faso Committee on Large Dams believes that any objective, realistic assessment of the issue of dams, especially large dams, must start from the realities in individual countries, zones or parts of the world. Development is very different in different parts of the world, and 20% of the population consumes 80% of the world's resources.
We are therefore in complete agreement with President Nelson Mandela when, at the release of the report on 16 November 2000 in London, he said, "The problem is not dams. It is hunger. It is thirst. It is darkness in towns. It is towns and villages without running water, lighting or sanitation. It is the time wasted drawing water. There is a pressing need for energy in every sense of the word."
Burkina Faso is a country in the Sahel and one of the poorest in the world (172nd out of 174 according to the UNDP classification).
The former Indian Prime Minister Indira Ghandi has said that poverty is the greatest threat to the social environment, ecosystems and cultures. Because of poverty, millions of people leave the land and emigrate to neighbouring countries, where they congregate in the largest town with job opportunities. This puts unprecedented pressure on natural resources (as in Ouagadougou).
Faced with this situation, populations and governments, with help from NGOs and international cooperation organisations have built reservoirs to control this important resource for the life of rural and urban communities. Dam building in Burkina Faso began in 1920. With the severe drought years in the seventies, dams became the craze. Burkina Faso has an estimated inventory of between 1000 and 2000 dams, about 500 impounding permanent reservoirs. There are eight large dams according to the ICOLD criteria. They have a storage capacity of 4.8 km3, half the known average annual river discharge.
Developing water resources in this way has led to major advances in Burkina Faso.
Inadequacies in the approach to implementing these dams and in the dams themselves have had negative consequences on the social and natural environment. The following points are deserve mention:
These inadequacies are difficulties arising from the growth capacities of the country and are increasingly addressed by the authorities, public and dam professionals like the National Committee on Large Dams and National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage:
1. A regulatory framework has been implemented by the government for environmental impact assessments and this is becoming more widespread.
2. A forestry code and environmental code have been adopted by the government.
3. Health legislation has been passed.
4. The most recent dams to be built, like Ziga dam, have complied with the international approach on evaluating and mitigating the negative impacts of dams.
To promote progress in this area, dam professionals set up the National Committee in December 1997 to foster progress in large dams in the light of international experience and economic and social realities in Burkina Faso. The National Committee is affiliated to the International Commission on Large Dams which has been contributing, since 1928, to progress in dam engineering as an instrument serving sustainable human development. For more than a decade, the Commission has worked to promote the best human values in dam engineering. In its study, WCD acknowledges the progress achieved. ICOLD has published the following guidelines:
1. Bulletin No. 35 Dams and Environment, 1980 2. Bulletin No. 37 Dam Projects and Environmental Success, 1981 3. Bulletin No. 50 Dams and Environment – Notes on Regional Influences, 1985 4. Bulletin No. 65 Dams and Environment – Case Histories, 1988 5. Bulletin No. 66 Dams and Environment – The Zuiderzee Damming, 1989 6. Bulletin No. 86 Dams and Environment – Socio-Economic Impacts, 1992 7. Bulletin No. 90 Dams and Environment – Geophysical Impacts, 1993 8. Bulletin No. 96 Dams and Environment – Water Quality and Climate, 1994 9. Bulletin No. 100 Dams and Environment – Ridracoli : A Model Achievement, 1995 10. Bulletin No. 103 Tailings Dams and Environment- Review and Recommendations, 1996 11. ICOLD Position Paper on Dams and Environment, 1997
In addition to these popular guidelines, environmental issues have been debated at the ICOLD Congresses since 1973.
The goal ICOLD has set itself is to contribute to the progress of the art and science of dam planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance, to develop the world's water resources with structures that are safe, economically viable and integrated in their environmental and socioeconomic background on a sustainable basis.
In Burkina Faso, the Association of Civil Engineering Engineers and Technicians AITB and the National Committee on Large Dams have spurred critical review to create an appropriate scientific, technical and ethical environment for the efficient development of water resources for development. The following events have been held for this purpose:
Considering the challenges associated with the development of water resources for development in Burkina Faso, dams remain an inevitable option which must be combined with other available alternatives such as solar power and intermediate technologies to meet the pressing and growing needs of the population.
The many lengthy steps and search for consensus proposed by the Commission runs the risk of sidelining projects identified as necessary for progress in a country like ours. Dams are the focus of sometimes diverging agendas and interests, so that there needs to be a judgment in favour of the agreed best interest of the population and the country.
The ideas of the WCD must be incorporated with discernment in future approaches in order to avoid past mistakes. However, there are currently no practical, feasible alternatives capable of substituting for dams on any significant scale and meet development challenges in the developing countries. Any other attitude or policy would only aggravate the inequalities the WCD report condemns.
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