An effective ways to enhance enforcement of environmental laws is by closely monitoring trade. Many of the most egregious cases of non-compliance with environmental law involve illegal trade in restricted substances or endangered species (See discussion of “international environmental crime” following Guideline 38, above).
In addition to the case studies below, Guidelines 33(f), 42(c), and 48(d) and 48(e) include examples of initiatives and approaches designed to strengthen customs agencies and other institutions involved in controlling import and export.