TABLE OF CONTENTS

• Foreword
• Preface
• Introduction
•      Background
•      The AEO-2 Process
•      Structure
•      Analytical Approach

SECTION 1: ENVIRONMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN DIMENSION

• Introduction
• Environmental Change and Socioeconomic Factors
•      Demographic change
•      Social change
•      Economic change
•      Technological change
• Human Well-being and Livelihoods
• Policy and Legal Responses for Sustainable Development
•      Increased role of civil society
•      Environment for development
•      Poverty and inequity
•      Harnessing opportunities for development
•      Integrated approach
•      Cooperation at multiple levels
•      Peace, development and environmental cooperation
•      Strengthening institutions and empowering people
• Harnessing the Opportunities for Environment and Development
•      Opportunities from the endowment value of natural resources
•      Peace, good governance and democracy, and cooperation as an opportunity
•      Technological changes and research
•      Infrastructure development
• Conclusion

SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL STATE-AND-TRENDS: 20-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE

CHAPTER 2: ATMOSPHERE

• Regional Synthesis
•      Inventory of resources
•      Endowment opportunities
•      Threats to atmospheric resources
•      Challenges faced in realizing opportunities for development
• Sub-regional Overviews
•      Eastern Africa
•      Northern Africa
•      Southern Africa
•      Western Africa
•      Western Indian Ocean islands
• Conclusion

CHAPTER 3: LAND

• Regional Synthesis
•      Overview of resources
•      Endowment and opportunities
•      Challenges faced in realizing opportunities for development
• Sub-Regional Sections
•      Central Africa
•      Eastern Africa
•      Northern Africa
•      Southern Africa
•      Western Africa
•      Western Indian Ocean islands
• Conclusion

CHAPTER 4: FRESHWATER

• Regional Synthesis
•      Overview of resources
•      Endowment and opportunities
•      Challenges faced in realizing opportunities for development
•      Strategies for enhancing opportunities for development
• Sub-Regional Overviews
•      Central Africa
•      Eastern Africa
•      Northern Africa
•      Southern Africa
•      Western Africa
•      Western Indian Ocean islands
• Conclusion

CHAPTER 5: COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTS

• Regional Synthesis
•      Overview of resources
•      Endowments and opportunities
•      Challenges faced in realizing opportunities for development
• Sub-Regional Overviews
•      Central Africa
•      Eastern Africa
•      Northern Africa
•      Southern Africa
•      Western Africa
•      Western Indian Ocean islands
• Conclusion

CHAPTER 6: FORESTS AND WOODLANDS

• Regional Synthesis
•      Overview of resources
•      Endowments and opportunities
•      Challenges faced in realizing opportunities for development
•      Strategies to improve opportunities
• Sub-Regional Overview
•      Central Africa
•      Eastern Africa
•      Northern Africa
•      Southern Africa
•      Western Africa
•      Western Indian Ocean islands
• Conclusion

CHAPTER 7: BIODIVERSITY

• Regional Synthesis
•      Inventory of resources
•      Endowments and opportunities
•      Challenges faced in realizing opportunities for development
•      Strategies for enhancing opportunities from biodiversity
• Sub-Regional Overview
•      Central Africa
•      Eastern Africa
•      Northern Africa
•      Southern Africa
•      Western Africa
•      Western Indian Ocean islands
• Conclusion

CHAPTER 8: INTERLINKAGES: THE ENVIRONMENT AND POLICY WEB

• Introduction
• Building Interlinkages
• Improving Understanding through Interlinkages
•      Demographic and environmental change
•      Innovation and environmental change
•      Economic and environmental change: the reach of global policy
•      Trade and industry
•      Investment, aid and debt
• Improving Responses: Interlinkages In Policy
•      Comprehensive and interlinked policies: the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers
•      Opportunities for cost-benefit analysis: the value of environmental impact assessment
•      Improving implementation through interlinking policies at different scales: NEPAD-EAP and the MDGs
• Empowering People and Institutions: Institutional and Governance Interlinkages
•      Building effective regional organization
•      Inclusive policy processes
•      Linking institutional responses from national to regional level
•      Multilateral environmental agreements
•      Emerging partnerships
• Seizing Opportunities: Interlinkages in Environment for Development
• Conclusion

SECTION 3: EMERGING CHALLENGES

CHAPTER 9: GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS

• Introduction
• State-and-trends
•      Global growth in commercialization of GM crops
•      Research and development
•      GM food aid
• Drivers and Constraints
• Opportunities and Risks
•      Markets and trade
•      Food security
•      Chemical use
•      Biodiversity
•      Human health concerns
•      Ethics
• Responses
•      Science-based risk analysis
•      Substantial equivalence and familiarity
•      Integrative approaches
•      Legal and policy responses
•      Cartagena Protocol
•      Regional approaches
•      Sub-regional approaches
•      National policy and law
• The Way Forward: Opportunities and Constraints
•      Inclusive policy processes
•      Weighing the choice of agricultural options
•      Biosafety and risk assessment
•      Risk management
•      Research priority-setting
•      Sound legal and policy framework
•      Capacity-building
• Conclusion

CHAPTER 10: INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES

• Introduction
• State-and-trends
•      Potential growth
• Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystems
• Challenges for Realizing Development Opportunities
•      Food security, land degradation, agriculture and livestock production
•      Freshwater and livelihoods
•      Services, infrastructure and shelter
•      Tourism
•      Health
•      High costs
•      Small Island Developing States
• Developing Effective Responses
•      Making choices
•      Building partnerships
•      Investing in research and capacity
•      Regional and global cooperation
•      Biosafety, sanitary and phytosanitary measures
• Conclusion

CHAPTER 11: CHEMICALS

• Introduction
• State-and-trends
•      Production and consumption patterns
•      Trade
• Opportunities and Risks
•      Industry provides new opportunities for employment
•      Investing in research and development
•      Agriculture
•      Termites threaten infrastructure and food security
•      Control of diseases
•      Freshwater systems and access to safe water
•      Chemical exposure
•      Natural resource use and adverse environmental impacts
•      Impacts on biodiversity
• Management Challenges
•      Management of obsolete pesticides
•      POPs and PCBs
• Responses: Policy and Institutional Arrangements
•      Chemical management
•      International trade
•      New partnerships: a strategic approach to international chemicals management
•      National legislation
•      Institutional arrangements for the sound management of chemicals
• Conclusion

CHAPTER 12: ENVIRONMENT FOR PEACE AND REGIONAL COOPERATION

• Introduction
• Regional Cooperation for Sustainable Development
•      The African Union
•      The United Nations
•      Regional fora on environment and development
•      Cooperation in freshwater resources management
•      Cooperation in wildlife and biodiversity management
• Armed Conflict a Threat to Regional Cooperation
•      Evolution of armed conflicts in Africa
•      Defining problems and finding solutions
• Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of Armed Conflict
•      Impacts of conflict on urban areas
•      Conflict timber
•      Environmental impacts of conflict in Liberia
•      Impacts on national parks in the Great Lakes region
•      Damage to national parks and biodiversity in southern Sudan
•      Peace agreements ensuring sustainable management of natural resources
• Conclusion

SECTION 4: OUTLOOK

CHAPTER 13: THE FUTURE TODAY

• Introduction
•      Developing scenarios
•      The four scenarios
•      Scenarios since AEO-1
• The Characteristics of the Four Scenarios
•      The Market Forces scenario
•      The Policy Reform scenario
•      The Fortress World scenario
•      The Great Transitions scenario
• Driving Forces
•      Demographics
•      Health
•      Economic drivers
•      Social issues
•      Culture
•      Technology
•      Institutions and governance
•      Peace and conflict
•      Natural disasters and climate change
• Regional Scenario Narratives
•      Land
•      Freshwater
•      Atmosphere
•      Coastal and Marine Environments
• Sub-Regional Scenarios
•      Eastern Africa
•      Central Africa
•      Northern Africa
•      Western Africa
•      Western Indian Ocean islands
• Conclusion

SECTION 5: POLICY OPPORTUNITIES

CHAPTER 14: BACK TO OUR COMMON FUTURE: A RENAISSANCE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

• Policy Options for Action
•      The human dimension
•      Atmosphere
•      Land
•      Freshwater
•      Coastal and marine environments
•      Forests and woodlands
•      Biodiversity
•      Genetically modified crops
•      Invasive alien species
•      Chemicals
•      Environment for peace and regional cooperation
•      Vulnerability of small island developing states
•      Policy interlinkages
• Conclusion

• ANNEX 1: MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
• ANNEX 2: SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
• ANNEX 3: GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
• ABBREVIATIONS
• CONTRIBUTORS