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| Chapter 6A: Ice Sheets |
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Geographical distribution of ice sheets
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Figure 6A.3: Antarctica, showing rates of surface-elevation change derived from satellite radar-altimeter measurements.
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Figure 6A.5: Greenland, showing rates of surface-elevation change between the late 1990s and 2003, derived by
comparing satellite and aircraft laser-altimeter surveys.
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| Chapter 6B: Glaciers and Ice Caps |
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Geographical distribution of glaciers and ice caps
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Figure 6B.5: Worldwide glacier monitoring.
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Figure 6B.6: Mass balance reference glaciers in nine mountain
ranges.
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Figure 6B.11: Overview of world glaciers and ice caps.
(a) Glaciers and ice caps around the world. The total area of
glaciers and ice caps, without the ice sheets and surrounding
glaciers and ice caps in Greenland and Antarctica, sums up to
540 000 km2.
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Figure 6B.12: Glacier shrinking on Cumberland
Peninsula, Baffin Island, Canadian
Arctic.
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Figure 6B.15: Shrinking of Fedchenko Glacier in the Pamirs of Tajikistan. The debris-covered glacier tongue retreated by more than
1 km since 1933 and lowered by about 50 m since 1980.
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Figure 6B.19: Glacier changes on Nevado de Santa Isabel, Colombia. This inactive volcano lost about 87 per cent of its ice cover
between 1850 and 2002.
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Figure 6B.20: Shrinking Lewis Glacier, Mount Kenya. This
tropical glacier retreated by more than 800 m between 1893 and
2004 and lost almost 16 m water equivalent of its thickness
between 1979 and 1996.
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Figure 6B.21: Melting ice on Mount Kilimanjaro, East Africa.
The graph shows the drastic reduction of the ice cover since the
first observations in 1880, based on historical maps, aerial photographs
and satellite images.
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| Chapter 6C: Ice and
Sea-level Change |
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Figure 6C.3: Global averaged sea levels from 1870 to 2006 as inferred from tide-gauge data (white line, with 66% and 95% confidence
limits given in dark and light shading) and satellite altimeter data (red line).
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Figure 6C.7: Average Recurrence Interval for sea-level events
of a given height at Sydney, Australia.
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Figure 6C.12: Estimates of people flooded in coastal areas in
the 2080s as a result of sea-level rise and for given socio-economic
scenarios and protection responses.
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| Chapter 7: Frozen Ground |
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Permafrost extent (in the Arctic and Antarctica, the permafrost extent is shown only within the exposed land areas)
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Figure 7.1. Permafrost extent in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Figure 7.2: Changes in permafrost temperatures
during the last 23 to 28 years
in northern Alaska.
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Figure 7.3: Ground temperatures at depths
of 10 or 12 m between 1984 and 2006 in
the central (Norman Wells and Wrigley)
and southern (Fort Simpson and Northern
Alberta) Mackenzie Valley, showing
increases of up to 0.3°C per decade.
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Figure 7.4: Modelled permafrost temperatures (mean annual
temperature at the permafrost surface) for the Northern Hemisphere.
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