GEO-4 - Global Environment Outlook

	United Nations Environment Programme
	environment for development

GEO-4 Report

[ 中文 ]

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Fig1.1 Ratification of major multilateral environmental agreements

Fig 1.2 Number of people affected by disasters of natural origin in SIDS

Fig 1.3 Pollutants paths to the Arctic

Fig 1.4 Population by region

Fig 1.5 Life expectancy by region

Fig 1.6 Urban population by region, per cent of total population

Fig 1.7 Gross domestic product – purchasing power parity per capita

Fig 1.8 Primary energy supply per capita

Fig 1.9 Mobile phone per a 1000 people and (b) Internet users per a thousand people by region

Fig 2.1 selected pollutants, their average residence times in the atmosphere and maximum extent of their impact

Fig 2.2 Energy use per US$ 1000 GDP (in PPP for 2000)

Fig 2.3 Total primary energy supply by energy source

Fig 2.4 Number of passenger cars, by region

Fig 2.5 Activity intensity versus per capita personal car use in 58 higher income metropolitan areas around the world

Fig 2.6 Amount of space required to transport the same number of passengers by car, bus or bicycle. (Poster in city of Muenster Planning Office, August 2001)

Fig 2.7 Premature deaths due to outdoor urban PM10 exposure by region in 2000

Fig 2.8 Emissions of (a) sulphur dioxide and (b) nitrogen oxides, by region

Fig 2.9 Trends in average annual urban concentrations of pollutants [g/m3] in selected cities Worldwide

Fig 2.10 Estimated average concentration of PM10 in cities with populations greater than 100,000, and in national capitals, for 1999

Fig 2.11 Calculated annual average troposheric ozone concentrations in 2000 obtained by combining the outputs of several models

2.11 Annual av ozone map

Fig 2.12 Global estimates of disease attributed to (a) Indoor and (b) urban PM10 pollution, measured in DALYs

Fig 2.13 The impact of local air pollution on the growth of wheat in suburban Lahore, Pakistan

Fig 2.14 Global distribution of sulphur levels in diesel fuel in 2007

Fig 2.15 Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 over the last 10 000 years

Fig 2.16 CO2 emissions from fossil fuels by region

Fig 2.17 per capita CO2 emissions at the regional level in 2003

Fig 2.18 Observed warming over the 20th century compared with climate model calculations

Fig 2.19 The [2000-2005] global carbon cycle

Fig 2.20 Seasonal melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet

Fig 2.21 Time scale and sea-level rise

Fig 2.22 paths to reach a 400 ppm CO2- equivalent greenhouse gas concentration target (Kyoto gas emissions plus land use CO2)

Fig 2.23 Size of the Antarctic hole over time

Fig 2.24 World wide consumption of CFCs and HCFCs

Fig 2.25 Effect of agreements on the predicted abundance of ODS in the stratosphere 1980-2100

Fig 2.26 Progress of leaded gasoline phase-out in sub saharan Africa

Fig 3.1 Green and Blue water, global flows

Fig 3.2 Total forest area by region

Fig 3.3 Primary forest area by region

Fig 3.4 Designation of forest by region

Fig 3.5 Declines in carbon in living biomas and in extent in of forest

Fig 3.6 Global land degradation using biomassproduction and rain use effeciency trends between 1981-2003

Fig 3.7 Kenya land use, biomassand rain use efficiency

Fig 3.8 PCDD (dioxine) in the atmosphere and deposition, 2003

Fig 3.9 Drylands - defined by the long term mean of the ratio of annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration

Fig 3.10 Trends in greenness index in sahel, 1982-1999

Fig 3.11 Arable land and area under cereals

Fig 4.1 Global distribution of world's water

Fig 4.2 The Global Ocean Conveyor

Fig 4.3 The situation in relation to (a) Drinking water and (b) sanitation coverage, 2004

Fig 4.4 Changes in global water use by sector

Fig 4.5 Annual precipitation trends, 1900-2000

Fig 4.6 Global glacier mass - annual variability and cumulative values

Fig 4.7 Reported cholera cases and fatalities by region

Fig 4.8 Inorganic levels per watershed by region, 1979 - 1990 and 1991 - 2005

Fig 4.9 Alga blooms in East China Sea

Fig 4.10 declines in organic contaminant concentrations in selected Russian and Chinese rivers

Fig 4.11 Global volume of oil from accidental tanker spills exceeding 136 tonnes (1000 barrels)

Fig 4.12 Restoration of the Mesopotamia marshes in Iraq

Fig 4.13 Exploitation status of marine fish stocks

Fig 4.14 Fish trophic level changes in the North atlantic and coastal areas at water depths less than 200m, and total marine landings

Fig 4.15 Fish meal usage in 2002 2012(projected)

Fig 4.16 Trends in aquaculture production and trophic levels of fish usage in fish meal production

Fig 5.1 Status of the terrestrial eco-regions

Fig 5.2 Examples of state, pressure and response indicators that have been adopted by the convention diversity to measure progress towards the 2010 target

Fig 5.3 Degree of protection of terrestrial eco-regions and large marine ecosystems

Fig 5.4 Contempolary extent of agricultural systems

Fig 5.5 Primary energy supply from various sources and projections to 2030

Fig 5.6 realationship between income and energy use in urban areas of 12 developing countries

Fig 5.7 Harmful effect of ecosystem changes on human health

Fig 5.8 "Biocultural" diversity in the world

Fig 6.1 GDP by GEO region

Fig 6.2 Ecological footprint and biocapacity by region, 2003

Fig 6.3 Annual total and per capita GDP growth rate in Africa

Fig 6.4 Population trends

Fig 6.5 Examples of current and future impacts and vulnerabilities associated with climate change variability and change in Africa

Fig 6.6 Major land-use categories in Africa, 2002

Fig 6.7 Changes in sectoral shares in employment in sub saharan Africa

Fig 6.8 Per capita arable land

Fig 6.9 countries in crisis requiring external food assistance (October 2006)

Fig 6.10 Energy consumption by sub-region

Fig 6.11 Total CO2 emissions

Fig 6.12 Trend in use of passenger cars

Fig 6.13 Average annualPM10 concentration in ([]g/m3) in selected Asian cities, 2002

Fig 6.14 Concentration of NO2 ([]g/m3) in selected Asian cities, 2002

Fig 6.15 Average fresh water use by sector in the period 1998-2002

Fig 6.16 Access to safe drinking water as a percent of the total population

Fig 6.17 Status of coral reefs by sub-region, 2004

Fig 6.18 Change in agricultural Land area per sub-region

Fig 6.19 Rice production in the Asia and the Pacific sub-regions

Fig 6.20 Per capitamunicipal waste generation in selected Asian countries

Fig 6.21 Annual mean temperature deviation in Europe

Fig 6.22 Trends in total greenhouse gas emissions

Fig 6.23 Estimated impact of different factors on the reduction of CO2 emission from public heat and electricity generation in EU-25

Fig 6.24 Household final consumption expenditure (European Union)

Fig 6.25 Emissions and projections by sub-regions for PM10 and ozone precursors

Fig 6.26 Car ownership in Europe

Fig 6.27 Urban population in the EEA-32 countries exposed to air pollution over limit values and target values.

Fig 6.28 Unaccounted for water in Armenia

Fig 6.29 Average pollution concentration in European waters

Fig 6.30 Urban population as per cent of the total population

Fig 6.31 Average annual forest change

Fig 6.32 Catch of major groups of fish and invertebrates in the Humboldt current large marine Ecosystem

Fig 6.33 Number of storms in the North Antlantic basin

Fig 6.34 Re-infestation by Aedes aegypti in Latin America and the Caribbean

Fig 6.35 Retreating glacier zone in the border area between Argentina and Chiles

Fig 6.36 Per capita GDP

Fig 6.37 Per capita energy consumption

Fig 6.38 Total energy consumption by sector, 2004

Fig 6.39 Energy production by fuel type

Fig 6.40 CO2 emissions by fuel type

Fig 6.41 Housing density classes in the United States, 2000

Fig 6.42 Comparison of per capita water use by region

Fig 6.43 North American water use by sector

Fig 6.44 Sources of freshwater impairment in the united states

Fig 6.45 Trend in per capita GDP –annual growth rate

Fig 6.46 Trends and projections in per capita fresh water availability

Fig 6.47 Current and projected water demand in West Asia

Fig 6.48 The expansion of arable land

Fig 6.49 Protected areas in West Asia

Fig 6.50 Trends in annual per capita fish catch in west asia

Fig 6.51 Trends in urban population as per cent of total population

Fig 6.52 Per capita solid waste generation in selected countries

Fig 6.53 Total final per capita energy consumption

Fig 6.54 Arctic temperature trends

Fig 6.55 Summer Arctic sea ice is shrinking at a rate of 8.9 per cent per decade

Fig 6.56 The potential impact of a 5-metre sea level rise in Florida (above) and south east Asia (below)

Fig 6.57 Trends in POPS and mercury in eggs of thick billed murres

Fig 6.58 Numbers of ship-borne tourists to the Antarctic

Fig 6.59a Great Ape task force information card

Fig 6.59 Ecological creditors and debtors

Fig 7.1 Progress to meeting MDG 1

Fig 7.2 Regional trends and projections for 2005-10 in under-five mortality rates

Fig 7.3 Foreign direct investment and aid dependency

Fig 7.4 Number of armed conflicts by type

Fig 7.5 Government effectiveness (2005)

Fig 7.6 Research and development (R&D) intensity

Fig 7.7 Environmental health risk transitions

Fig 7.8 Poverty and the lack of access to basic services, 2002

Fig 7.9 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) and Development Index

Fig 7.10 Causes of food emergencies in developing countries

Fig 7.11 Domestic extraction used in EU-15 compared to imports of industrial minerals and ores

Fig 7.12 Highest risk hot spots by natural hazard type

Fig 7.13 Composition of transboundary waste reported by the parties to the Basel Convention in 2000

Fig 7.14 Radioactive, chemical and biological hazards in central Asia

Fig 7.15 Spatial distribution of typical forms of dryland archetype

Fig 7.16 Vulnerability to drought and impacts on well-being

Fig 7.17 Fish catch landings of Newfoundlandand Labrador

Fig 7.18 Landings in high seas by major fishing countries

Fig 7.19 Links between climate related changes and human health in Greenland's indigenous communities

Fig 7.20 Trends and projections in oil security for energy-importing high and low-income regions

Fig 7.21 Environmental vulnerability scores for SIDS

Fig 7.22 Caribbean casualties due to hurricanes

Fig 7.23 Health status of four villages near the Barekese dam in Ghana

Fig 7.24 Coastal populationand shoreline degradation

Fig 7.25 Overall losses and insured losses due to natural hazards

Fig 7.26 Example of a poverty map for Kenya

Fig 7.27 Net ODA as a percentage of GNI in 2006

Fig 7.29 Net ODA as a percentage of GNI in 2006

Fig 8.1 Our "shrinking" Earth

Fig 8.2 A variation of the GEO-4 conceptual framework highlighting the dual role of the social and economic sector

Fig 8.3 The nitrogen cascade and associated environmental impacts

Fig 8.4 Linkages and feedback loops among desertification, global climate change and biodiversity loss

Fig 8.5 Number of people affected by climate related disasters in developing and developed countries

Fig 8.6 Multiple environmental changes and their effects on human well-being constituents and determinants.

Fig 8.7 Waste trafficking

Fig 8.8 International governance-environment-development-trade interlinkages

Fig 9.1 Strength of investiments in opportunities to reduce vulnerability in human-environment systems and improving human well being

Fig 9.2 Population trends

Fig 9.3 Gross domestic products

Fig 9.4 Total global exports

Fig 9.5 GDP per capita

Fig 9.6 Global GINI index of income across states and households

Fig 9.7 Ratio of GDP per capita – top 10 per cent of population over bottom 10 percent of population

Fig 9.8 Total primary energy use

Fig 9.9 Per capita primary energy use

Fig 9.10 Global primary energy use by fuel

Fig 9.11 Global anthropogenic SOx by sector

Fig 9.12 Global total equivalent carbon emissins from anthropogenic sources by sector

Fig 9.13 Per capita equivalent carbon emissions from energy and industry by region

Fig 9.14 Atmospheric concentration of CO2

Fig 9.15 Global mean temperature deviation trends since industrial times

Fig 9.16 Sea-level rise due to climate change

Fig 9.17 Cropland and pasture by region

Fig 9.18 Modern biofuel plantations as percentage of total land cover by region

Fig 9.19 Forest land by region

Fig 9.20 Global extent of soils with high water erosion risk

Fig 9.21 Cereal yield by region

Fig 9.22 Per capita food availability

Fig 9.23 Global water withdraws by sector

Fig 9.24 Populations living in river basins facing severe water stress

Fig 9.25 Untreated domestic and municipal wastewater by region

Fig 9.26 Mean species abundance and trends, 2000 and 2050

Fig 9.27 Change in mean original species abundance(MSA) from 2000 by region

Fig 9.28 Contribution to historical decline in mean original species abundance (MSA) to 2000 and to 2050-Global

Fig 9.29 Total landings from marine fisheries

Fig 9.30 Mean tropic index(MTI) of global fish landings

Fig 9.31 Change in total biomass of select groups of fish

Fig 9.32 Proportion of population with income less than US$1/day by region

Fig 9.33 Proportion of malnourished children for selected regions

Fig 9.34 Net enrolment in primary education by region

Fig 9.35 Gender ratios of enrolment in primary and secondary education by region

Fig 9.36 Life expectancy at birth by region

Fig 9.37 Population trends-Africa

Fig 9.38 Population trends-Asia and the Pacific

Fig 9.39 Population trends-Europe

Fig 9.40 Population trends-Latin and the Caribbean

Fig 9.41 Population trends-North America

Fig 9.42 Population trends-Weast Asia

Fig 9.43 Historical and future declinesin MSA - polar (Greenland)

Fig 9.44 Rate of change in global water withdrawals

Fig 9.45 Rate of change of global pasture and cropland area

Fig 9.46 Rate of change of global forest area

Fig 9.47 Rate of change in average global MSA remaining

Fig 9.48 Rate of change in global atmospheric CO2 concentration

Fig 9.49 Rate of change of global temperature

Fig 10.1 Two tracks to address environmental problems with proven and emerging solutions

Fig 10.2 Mapping environmental problems according to management and reversibility

Fig 10.3 An overview of global policy targets

Fig 10.4 A continum of SEA application