Examples of drivers of
change and pressures |
Examples of impacts caused by drivers and pressures |
Examples of infectious disease implications |
Examples of infectious diseases
potentially affected |
| Deforestation |
Ecosystem fragmentation
Destruction of natural balance leading to decrease in natural predators and changes in species dominance.
Easy access by farmers/workers/hunters to new land and natural areas.
Habitat disturbance. |
More favourable conditions for propagation of disease vectors.
Increased number of vectors in human settlements. Vector numbers and habitats increase.
Increased contact with animal reservoirs and vectors. |
Yellow fever, malaria, Kyasanur forest disease, Ebola and other hemorrhagic fevers, zoonotic diseases that exist
normally in animals, but can infect humans. |
| Reforestation and expansion of housing |
Housing expands into woodland/forest fringes. |
Humans brought into closer contact with tick vectors and animal reservoirs (deer and rodents). |
Lyme disease. |
| Agriculture |
Monoculture destroys the natural balance, allowing propagation of vectors.
Concentration of demestic animals/cattle close to humans.
Land erosion and gullyng - more habitat for vectors.
Enviromental pollution (including contamination with pesticides). |
More favourable conditions for propagation of disease vectors.
Vector numbers and habitats increase.
Increased contact with vectors.
Development of resistance by disease vectors. |
Western and Venezuelan equine encephalitides, typhus. |
| Dam building and irrigation |
More open water
More stagnant water.
More fertile soil and sand beds.
Environmental pollution.
|
Increased habitat and breeding sites for vectors and carriers. |
Schistosomiasis, West Nile fever, Japanese encephalitis. |
| Rapid and unplanned urbanization |
Ecosystem fragmentation.
Destruction of natural balance.
Lack of water, sewerage and waste management systems. |
More sites and more favourable conditions for propagation of disease vectors.
Spread of vectors and parasites.
Increased contact with infected people. |
Tuberculosis, dengue hemorrhagic fever, plague, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. |
| Untreated drinking water and waste water Inadequate sanitation |
Settlements without clean water and sanitation.
Water pollution (including accidents). |
Increased contact with infection and increased mobility of infection in case of poor water management or accidents. |
Leptospirosis, malaria, cholera, cryptosporidia, diarrhoeal diseases. |
| Industry Transport |
Deteriorating air quality.
Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions leading to global warming. |
Impaired lung function.
Increased mobility of infected people.
Spread of diseases and vectors into high latitudes and altitudes. |
(Aggravated) respiratory diseases and infections, meningitis, cholera. |
Chemical use
Antibiotics in livestock and
livestock waste |
Antibiotics in livestock products and waste. |
Developing resistance in bacteria. |
Hepatitis, dengue, antibiotic-resistant bacterial diarrhoeal disease. |
