In September 2015, the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a framework to guide development efforts, made up of 17 goals, 169 targets, and 244 indicators.
Of these indicators, 93 are related to the environment, and cover the management of natural resources, climate change, issues related to inland waters and oceans, biodiversity, ecosystems, the circular economy and the rational management of chemicals and waste, among many other topics.
UNEP is the custodian of 25 of these indicators —covering goals 6, 8, 12, 14, 15 and 17 of the SDGs—. For these it has a specific mandate to support countries through methodologies, training materials and mechanisms for data dissemination.
In this section you will find content on each of the indicators, as well as videos of the trainings offered by the Science and Data Unit in Latin America and the Caribbean as part of its work to support the countries of the region.
Indicator 12.c.1: Amount of fossil fuel subsidies (production and consumption) per unit of GDP
Definition: To measure fossil fuel subsidies at the national, regional, and global levels, three sub-indicators are recommended to report on this indicator: 1) direct transfer of government funds; 2) induced transfers (price support); 3) tax expenditures, other income losses and prices lower than those of goods and services 4) Transfer of risk to the government. Definitions from the Statistical Manual of the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2005) and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) of the World Trade Organization (WTO, 1994) are used to define subsidies for fossil fuels.
Manuals
- Statistical Manual of the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2005).
- Measuring Fossil Fuel Subsidies in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals.
Workshops
September 2021
- Agenda
- Presentation UNEP Definitions and concepts 12.c.1
- Presentation IISD SDG indicator 12.c.1 training
- Presentation IEA induced transfers 12.c.1
- Presentation ECLAC statistical situation in the region
- Presentation ECLAC importance of measuring 12.c.1
- Presentation OECD Tax expenditure
- SDG data collection template
- Video day 1
- Video day 2
World database and reports
- OECD Annual Report.
- IISD International institution for the sustainable development.
- International Energy Agency.
Global reporting websites
Publications
Volunteer country reports
UNEP Focal point: Dr. Aeree Kim - joy.kim@un.org / Dany Ghafari dany.ghafari@un.org
